Sex Education During The United States - 873 Words

Sex education in the United States is not very comprehensive and none regulated, which means that many American teenagers are without the proper information to make informed decisions about sex and sexual health. Many schools offer just abstinence only education and are unable to explain safe sex procedures, putting children at risk for unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. With the average age of intercourse at fifteen years old (Buehler 2014) and many parents uncomfortable with discussing the topic with their children, it is up to sex education classes in school to properly inform teenagers about their bodies and sex. Then when these teenagers are parents themselves, they will be better prepared to talk to their own children and this will hopefully help the American general public before more informed and more likely to have safe sex. When designing a sexual education program, the most important thing would be the education and the comfort that the teacher or teachers has with the material. You can have an extremely well laid out program, but if the teacher is unable or unwilling to answer questions that arise from the students or cover topics in the program, the information that the students received will be biased or inaccurate. Buehler (2014), Kellogg (2014), and Clements and Rosenwald (2007) all addressed the issue that many parents and adults do not have accurate sex information or are uncomfortable discussing it with their children. This leave theShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has the highest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 rep resent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihoodRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesComprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appear. TheseRead MoreSex Education Are Essential For Teens1479 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education is a controversial but extremely important topic. Yet, we are doing very little to address it. Teaching sex education in schools are essential for teens to help build a strong foundation of sexual health. Although sex education must begin at home, some parents feel uncomfortable talking about the topic with their children and they believe teaching their children about sex can end up encouraging them to engage in sexual intercourse. Due to that, parents and schools try to emphasize theRead MoreThe Debate Of Emotional Sex1385 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional Sex Ed As the United States becomes increasingly progressive, the age in which adolescents perform sexual activity is becoming younger. Education in the United States encourages abstinence to students in middle school and high school, but the resistance against adolescent sexual intercourse is futile because adolescents are historically rebellious at nature. Abstinence courses do not trigger any emotional response in adolescents nor do they personalize the situation for students, makingRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1632 Words   |  7 PagesSchool systems in the United states have been implementing sexual education into classrooms. Arguments are abundant when dealing with such fragile situations and there are many advantages and disadvantages of sexual education being taught in the public schools. It seems that most parents are either strongly for or against sex education classes, but there are a few parents that are on both sides. In fact, there are more parents that suppor t sex education classes. However, there are pros and cons thatRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Education1613 Words   |  7 PagesWhen hearing the term â€Å"sex education,† most will immediately think of â€Å"the talk† that parents have with children. â€Å"The talk,† a phrase widely used through everyday life, movies, television, etc. is intended by parents to inform their children of the consequences of unsafe sex and to explain how babies are made. Despite being a necessary conversation at home, this â€Å"talk† is generally vague and uninformative in comparison to classes on the subject. However, this topic causes chaos when dealing withRead MoreSex Education Should Be Taught From A Different Approach Than Sex1109 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter education on sex during middle school and high school to be better prepared if they decide to engage in sexual activity. Sex should be taught from a different approach than in recent years. Sex education should be in corporated in all schools starting around 6th grade and continually throughout high school because teachers can give a better understanding of sex which will reduce the number of teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections(STI). The early start of sex education would benefitRead MoreSex Education : Encyclopedia Of Gender And Society946 Words   |  4 PagesConnell, Erin. Sex Education. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Ed. Jodi O Brien. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2009. 745-748. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Sept. 2015. This article has a really good explanation and a history behind. Sex education began during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This type of education debate or reveals a range of attitudes, values and also belief about the children, adolescent, sexuality, and gender. During WWI soldiers were infectedRead MoreSex Education Is Not Just About Sex1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sex education in not just about sex. It includes other sensitive issues like sexual health, sexual reproduction, sexuality and others that parents often feel uncomfortable talking with their children†(Sex Education in Schools Pros and Cons). Sex education does not start when someone is sexual active, but mostly in Elementry School when the students have no idea what the teacher is saying. However, in today’s world sex is all around from movie posters to magazines. Perhaps teaching children how toRead MoreProposal Draft : Sex Education869 Words   |  4 PagesDraft: Sex Education in Schools There are many issues throughout the United States, that we as citizens are faced with everyday. Whether it be crime, equality, poverty, or abortion. The teen pregnancy and abortion rates have dropped dramatically within the last ten years. There are several factors that come into effect when trying to figure out why there is such a dramatic decline. The main reason is because of sex education in schools; teaching teens to practice safe sex. The United States are in

Psychology Notes Free Essays

Human Development Categories of culture, race, and ethnicity are fluid, continuously shaped and redefined by social and political forces. Cognitive Development Pattern of change in the mental abilities such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Cohort A group of people born at about the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Critical period A specific time when a given event or its absence, had a specific impact on development. Culture A society’s or group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, engage, and physical products-all learned behavior passed on from parents to children. Developmental Scientists Study? Change and stability in all domains of development throughout the life span Domains of Development Development lists study processes of change and stability in all domains, or aspects of development throughout all periods of the life span. ; Physical, cognitive, psychosocial. Each affects the others Environment The totality of nonhereditary or experiential, influences on development. Ethnic gloss An overexploitation that obscures or blurs such variation (term such as Black or Hispanic). Ethnic group A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins which contribute to a sense of shared identity and shared attitudes, beliefs, and values. Ethnicity and cultural patterns Affect development by their influence on the composition of a household, it economic and social resources, the way its members act toward one another, the foods they eat, the games children play, the way they learn, how well they do in school, the occupations adults engage in, and the way family members think and perceive the world. Extended Family Multidimensional network of grandparents, uncles, cousins and more distant relatives who often share breadwinners and child rearing responsibilities and the older children are responsible for younger brothers and sisters. Heredity ; Is inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents Historical generation A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative years. Human Development The field of human development focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability of people. Ways of studying human velveteen are still evolving, making use of advanced technologies. ; Almost from the start, human development has been interdisciplinary which means that it draws from a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, sociology anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, history, and medicine. Imprinting The instinctive form of learning which during a critical period in earl y development, a young animal forms and attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother. Canard Lorenz, Austrian, Zoologist (1957); got a newborn ducklings to follow him. Lorenz believes that imprinting is the result of (pre) disposition toward learning, that is, the readiness of an organism’s nervous system to acquire certain formation during a brief critical period in early life. Individual differences Differences in characteristics, influences, or development outcomes. ; Influences on development come from both heredity and environment. Many typical change during childhood are related to maturation. Individual differences tend to increase with age. In some societies, the nuclear family predominates; in others, the extended family. Socioeconomic status affects developmental process and outcomes through the quality of home and neighborhood environments, nutrition, medical care, and schooling. Multiple risk factors increase the likelihood of poor outcomes. ; Influence may be normative (age-graded or history-graded) or normative. Life-span development Developmentally have come to recognize that human development is a lifelong process. Maturation The unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral change. Multidimensional households Have become more common in recent years b/c, both men and women are arraying a t later ages and due to an influence of immigrant populations that embrace this type of household (Latino, African Americans, Asian). Non-normative A characteristic of an unusual event that happened to a particular person or a typical event that happened at an unusual time of life b/c they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle. (Such as women having a baby in her mid-flies, losing a parent at an early age, surviving a plane crash). Normative age-graded influences Highly similar for people in a particular age group. The timing of biological events is fairly predictable within a normal range. When do people experience puberty? 10 girls and 12 boys Normative history-graded ; Influences are significant events like the Great Depression or WI that shape the behaviors and attitudes of a historical generation. Normative influence There are two types and they are biological or environmental events that affect many or most people in society in similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals. Nuclear family A household unit consisting of one or more parents and their children, whether biological, adopted, or stepchildren. Two-generational kinship, economic. Paul Ballet Identified seven key principles of a life-span development approach. A. Development is lifelong B. Development is multidimensional C. Development is multidimensional D. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span E. Development involves changing resource allocations F. Development shows plasticity G. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context Physical Development Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health. Plasticity The range of modifiability of performance. Additionally, evidence shows that it is to Just general characteristic of development that applies to all members of a species, but that there are individual differences in plasticity of responses to environmental events as well such as children with different temperaments. Poverty A risk factor or a condition that increases the likelihood of a negative outcome (health, education, longevity, economic acquisitions). ; If it is long-lasting, can be harmful to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial well-being of children and families. Psychosocial Development Patterns of change in emotion, personality, and social relationships. Sensitive periods Times of development when a person is particularly open to certain kind of experiences. Scientists Study The scientific study of human development began with studies of childhood during the 19th century. Adolescence was not considered a separate phase of development until the 20th century, when scientific interest in aging also began. ; Developmental change, both quantitative and qualitative, as well as with stability of personality and behavior. ; Four goals are: describe, explain, predict, and modify Social Construction Division of the life span into periods is a social construct, that is, a concept or reactive that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society. Concept of periods of development Socioeconomic Status (SEES) ; Based on family income and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household. Periods of Human Development (Life Span) Prenatal (conception to birth) The abilities to learn and remember and to respond to sensory stimuli are developing. Infancy and Toddlers (birth to 3) The use of symbols and ability to solve problems develop by the end of the second ear and comprehen sion and the use of language develops rapidly. Early Childhood (30th) Children gain more self-control and become interested in other children ; Preschool experience is common and kindergarten experience is more so. ; Egocentric thinking exists but the understanding of other people’s perspective grow. Additionally, intelligence becomes more predictable. Middle Childhood (6 to 1 1) Control over behavior gradually shifts from parent to child, and peer groups become increasing important. ; Memory and language skills increase and children begin to think logically but concretely Adolescence (11 to 20) Signifies a unique period of development in industrial societies ; The search for identity-personal, sexual, and occupational ; The ability to think abstractly and use scientific reasoning develops. However, immature thinking persists in some attitudes and behaviors but education focuses on preparation for college or vocation. Emerging and Young Adult (20 to 40) Exploratory period in the early to mid-twenties, many people are not yet ready to settle down to the typical tasks of young adulthood which include establishing independent lifestyles, occupations, and family. Thought and moral Judgments come more complex and educational and occupational choices are generally made. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65) Some decline in physical capabilities is likely and middle-age people find excitement and challenge in life changes, such as the launching of new careers and adult children. However, some face the need to care for elderly parents. ; Mental abilities peak and expertise and practical probl em solving skills are high which may contribute to career success and earning powers. Additionally, creative output may decline but improve in quality. Late Adulthood (65 and over) People generally need to cope with losses in their faculties, the loss of loved ones, and preparations for death. Additionally, if they retire, they must deal with the loss of work-based relationships, but may get pleasure out of exploring neglected interests and engagement in volunteer work. ; Most people are mentally alert although intelligence and memory may deteriorate in some areas. They have a tendency to find ways to compensate for memory deterioration. True/False Life-span studies in the US grew out of long-term studies designed to follow children through adulthood. (T) Researchers have discovered that adolescence has been considered a separate period of development since at least 200 BC. (F) ; It is easy of developmental scientists to consider the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of development separately, because they are almost entirely unrelated to one another. (F) Dividing the human lifespan into periods is a social construction, which means that it is obvious to everyone exactly how to define when a person passes from one stage to the next. (F) Different societies divide the lifespan into different periods from the ones listed in your textbook. T) ; Individual differences include the ways people differ in physical build, health, intelligence, and lifestyle. (T) As people age from childhood to adulthood, the role of maturation becomes more influential in their development than individual differences. (F) Socioeconomic status is unrelated to most people’s development. (F) A critical period is a time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on development. (T) ; Paul Ballet’s life-span developmental theory is incomplete because it does not consider the influences of culture and history upon development. (F) How to cite Psychology Notes, Papers

The Competing Value Framework Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competing Value Framework. Answer: The competing value framework (CVF) is referred to as a widely used and effectual structure for assessment of organizational culture and dynamics of organization. Grabowski et al. (2015) suggests that CVF necessarily stemmed from research of detection of criteria of effectiveness. Furthermore, these specific criteria of effectiveness were necessarily internal and external dimensions. Basically CVF recognizes various underlying dimensions or metrics of arranging that exist in almost all organizational activities and human beings (Wang and Ritchie 2015). However, in the current case, the CVF framework presented below reveals the four diverse quadrants in a single spider web with two dimensions. The first dimension focuses on effectiveness of a corporation that essentially has an internal orientation with concentration on development, assimilation of various actions, coordination as well as collaboration (Wang and Ritchie 2015). The following dimension concentrates on efficacies of a corporation along with culture that necessarily exerts impact on both stability as well as flexibility. A spider web is hereby presented designed according to the responses to the questions of the survey. As is presented below, the role of an innovator and a broker primarily relies on both creativity and communication skills of executing change. Particularly, in this segment, I have secured a high score. Again, the monitor as well as coordinator role can be regarded to be very relevant for administration of system and integration and this requires proficiency inmanagement of projects and expertise in supervision (Wang and Ritchie 2015). However, in my current case, the score is pretty good and is similar to my score as innovator and broker. Also, roles of director and producer are essentially geared towards achievement of goal and in this segment as well my score is high as presented in the CVF framework below. Again, roles of facilitator and mentor chiefly orient around at developing an inspired work force that is necessarily driven by superior levels of commitment together with inten se engagement. In this segment, there is high score replicating my strengths in this area as well as well. References Grabowski, L., Neher, C., Crim, T. and Mathiassen, L., 2015. Competing values framework application to organizational effectiveness in voluntary organizations: A case study.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,44(5), pp.908-923. Wang, J. and Ritchie, B.W., 2015. The influence of organizational culture on crisis planning: an application of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) in Chinese hotels.Tourism crisis and disastermanagement in the Asia-Pacific, pp.44-61.

The Aliens Act Essay Example For Students

The Aliens Act Essay I am comparing the two plays The Crucible and Little Malcolm And His Struggle Against The Eunuchs. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1953, at the time of McCarthyism. Little Malcolm was written by David Halliwell in 1964. The Crucible was set before it was written; however Little Malcolm was set around the time it was written.  The Crucible is set in 1692, Salem, Massachusetts. There is a general theme of suspicion, as the Salem witch trials were what was happening at the time, and show how the suspicion and superstition led to constant accusations and harsh punishments. This idea stemmed from the original stimulus of the McCarthy communist persecutions, as does the idea of naming names to get off the hook. It was written as an allegory; Miller would not have gotten away with writing a play openly on the political affairs of the time, due to censorship laws. He himself had been in front of the House of Un-American Activities Committee (H.U.A.C.), an organisation who demanded that anyone who had attended a communist meeting had to name anyone who they had seen there. This is shown when Betty and Abigail are saying I saw with the Devil. Another likeness is the strict Puritan morals of 1692, and strict American morals in 1953. The Aliens Act was an issue at the time, an anti-immigrant law made by President Truman. We will write a custom essay on The Aliens Act specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Little Malcolm was both written and set in 1964. The play is light hearted at the beginning, but during the scene we are performing, the plot takes on a more sinister turn. It is said that the idea came from when Halliwell was expelled from art school himself, however in his case he was allowed to return after a week, when his parents discussed the matter with the principal; this clearly does not happen in Little Malcolm. The idea of the plot is loosely based upon the rise of Hitler; he wasnt taken seriously when he began his rise to power, but his charisma and powers of persuasion allowed him to achieve his aims. It is also based on the hollowness of the 1960s protest movements, to show the futility and the idea that the characters have big plans, but ones which they cant feasibly execute. The plot in The Crucible centres around accusations of witchcraft. It begins with the idea of the girls dancing naked in the woods, shown when Parris is discussing them. The next key point is when Betty is possessed so Reverend Hale is called to exorcise the Devil. It is then revealed that Abigail was dismissed from John Proctors service by his wife, as she was having an affair with John. Abigail and Betty then both begin to name names. In the next act, it transpires that there are 17 people condemned to hang for witchcraft, and that the Proctors are having a tough relationship due to Johns affair. Hale arrives to question them both, and towards the end Elizabeth Proctor is arrested. In the next act, the trial takes place. The girls pretend that Mary Warren is bewitching them, and the Judges seem to be won over by it. John, trying to defend Mary at first, ends up being accused due to Mary Warren naming him. He goes wild at the trial and ends up claiming to be a witch. Rebecca Nurse is condemned to hang, and John Proctor will be set free. After refusing to sign his confession, a lie, he is hanged. John Proctor is a strong character, a peasant farmer, and loyal to an extent. Elizabeth Proctor is a weak character, who doesnt feel girls should have so much power to hang people. Reverend Hale is a sympathetic, defensive, determined character who becomes desperate as the play progresses. Danforth is a strong character; almost merciless, not prepared to buckle under the pressure of what was going on in court and is occasionally angry. Abigail Williams is a strong, threatening, character. She is imposing, intimidating, manipulative and commands a lot of power. .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .postImageUrl , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:visited , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:active { border:0!important; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:active , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kathleen Chalfant - an angel with six faces EssayIn Little Malcolm, the play is centred around Malcolm Scrawdyke, a disruptive Art student in Huddersfield, Yorkshire. He is expelled from art school for his disruptive influence, so forms his own political party, the Party of Dynamic Erection with his three friends Wick Blagdon, Irwin Ingham and Dennis Charles Nipple. Malcolm brands everyone who opposes him, especially the principal of the art school, a Eunuch. At first, they are confident that students across the nation will hurry to join them. They decide that their first revolutionary act will be to humiliate the principle of the Art college, and the first Act of the play is a series of set pieces in which the students plan their attack. While this begins as an hilarious set of scenes, it gets darker as the play progresses; Malcolm shows himself to be power-mad and deluding during the scene which we are performing; he says to Wick that he wants power for sadistic purposes, purely for its own sake, then declares Nipple dead simply for being too clever to fit in and follow orders. This scene is quite ironic, as Malcolm calls Nipple deluded, mad, and a fantasist, which is clear hypocrisy; of the group, Malcolm is the least realistic, and is clearly a fantasist. In the scenes which follow, Malcolms infatuation with Ann Gedge takes a darker turn, when he orders his cronies to beat her up with him, purely for a personal sense of power, to build up his self-esteem. As the play transpires, Malcolms acolytes abandon him, as they are more realistic than him. He is then left alone to plot one final fruitless plan, in a desperate attempt to recover a part of his original ideas.

List of Government Shutdowns

List of Government Shutdowns In United States politics, â€Å"government shutdowns† occur whenever Congress fails to pass or the President of the United States refuses to sign or vetoes legislation funding the operation of some or all government agencies. Under the Antideficiency Act of 1982, the federal government must â€Å"shutdown† the affected agencies by both furloughing non-essential personnel and curtailing agency activities and services that do not directly relate to national security. Key Takeaways Government shutdowns happen when legislation to allocate money needed for the operation of the government agencies fails to be enacted.By law, most government agencies must furlough their non-essential personnel and stop or limit their activities during a government shutdown.While few last very long, all government shutdowns result in increased costs of government and inconvenience for many citizens.   While most government shutdowns are of relatively short duration, they all result in the disruption to government services and increased costs to the government- and thus taxpayers- due to lost labor. According to the financial rating agency Standard Poors, the 16-day shutdown from October 1, to October 17, 2013, had â€Å"taken $24 billion out of the economy,† and â€Å"shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth.† The many  government shutdowns have done little to help Congress abysmal approval ratings. There were six shutdowns ranging from eight to 17 days in the late 1970s, but the duration of government shutdowns shrank dramatically beginning in the 1980s. And then there was the government shutdown in late 1995; that lasted three weeks and sent nearly 300,000 government workers home without paychecks. The gridlock came during President Bill Clintons administration. The dispute between the Democrats and the Republicans was over disparate economic forecasts and whether the Clinton White House budget would result in a deficit or not.   Weaponized Shutdowns Occasionally, both Congress and presidents use government shutdowns as a way of accomplishing political goals not directly related to larger budgetary concerns like reducing the national debt or deficit. For example, in 2013, the Republican majority in the House of Representatives forced a lengthy shutdown in an unsuccessful attempt to get Democratic President Barack Obama to repeal the Affordable Care Act. The Border Wall Shutdown of 2019 The third shutdown during the Donald Trump presidency began at midnight on December 22, 2018, when funding for nearly a quarter of the federal government ran out. The shutdown was triggered when Congress and President Trump were unable to agree on the inclusion in the spending bill of some $5.7 billion requested by President Trump for the construction of an additional section of immigration security wall or fencing along the U.S. border with Mexico. According to the White House’s Office of Management and Budget, the $5.7 billion requested by President Trump would allow for the addition of about 234 miles of steel fencing to 580 miles already in place, leaving about 1,140 miles of the 1,954-mile long border still not fenced. In a televised address to the nation on January 8, 2019, President Trump warned that unless Congress agreed to include the funding, he would declare a national emergency allowing him to bypass Congress by diverting existing funds intended for other purposes to build the wall. However, after a meeting between Trump and House and Senate Democratic leaders on January 9 failed to reach a compromise, the shutdown continued. At midnight on Saturday, January 12, 2019, the 22-day-long shutdown became the longest in U.S. history. An estimated 800,000 federal employees- including Border Patrol officers, TSA agents, and air traffic controllers- were either working without pay or had been sent home on unpaid furlough. Though Congress had passed a bill on January 11 ensuring that unpaid employees would receive full back pay after the shutdown ended, that end remained nowhere in sight. On January 19, the 29th day of the shutdown, President Trump offered Democrats a deal to end it. In return for congressional approval of a $7 billion border security package, including $5.7 billion for the border wall, the president offered to extend for three years the DACA- Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy. DACA is an expired Obama-era policy allowing eligible persons who entered the United States illegally as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit in the U.S.   Democrats quickly rejected the proposal, arguing that it did not offer a permanent renewal of the DACA program and still included funding for the border wall. Democrats again refused to further talks until President Trump ended the government shutdown. By January 24, the then 34-day-long partial government was costing U.S. taxpayers more than $86 million a day in back pay promised to more than 800,000 furloughed workers, according to Government Executive magazine, based on salary data from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Agreement Temporarily Reopens Government In at least a temporary solution, President Trump, on January 25, announced that he had struck a deal with Democratic leaders in Congress to allow the government to reopen until February 15 without including funding for the construction of any additional border barrier. Negotiations of border wall funding were to continue during the three-week period. The President stressed that a border wall remained a necessity for national security and that if Congress did not agree to fund it by the February 15 deadline, he either reinstate the government shutdown or declare a national emergency allowing existing funds to be used for the purpose. Shutdown Averted, but National Emergency Declared On February 15, 2019, President Trump signed a compromise Homeland Security spending bill averting another shutdown However, the bill provided only $1.375 billion for 55 miles of new border fencing, far short of the $5.7 billion he had requested for 234 miles of new solid steel walls. At the same time, the president declared a national emergency redirecting $3.5 billion from the Defense Department’s military construction budget to the construction of new border wall, and signed executive orders redirecting $600 million from the Treasury Departments drug forfeiture fund, and $2.5 billion from the Defense Department’s drug interdiction program for the same purpose.   A Fourth Trump Wall Shutdown Loomed On March 11, 2019, President Trump sent Congress a $4.7 trillion spending proposal for the government’s 2020 budget that included another $8.6 billion for U.S.-Mexico border wall construction. Bringing the threat of a fourth government shutdown of the Trump presidency, Democratic lawmakers immediately vowed to block further border wall funding. In a joint statement, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer reminded the president of the â€Å"widespread chaos† that had â€Å"hurt millions of Americans† during the 34-day border wall shutdown from December 22, 2018, to January 24, 2019. â€Å"The same thing will repeat itself if he tries this again. We hope he learned his lesson,† wrote Pelosi and Schumer. By law, Congress had until October 1, 2019, to approve the 2020 budget.   More  Recent Major Government Shutdowns The most recent government major shutdowns before 2018 came in the 1996 fiscal year, during the Clinton administration. The first government shutdown of the Clinton administration lasted five full days from Nov. 13 through Nov. 19, 1995, according to the Congressional Research Service. Some 800,000 federal workers were furloughed during that shutdown.The second government shutdown was the longest government shutdown lasted 21 full days from Dec. 15, 1995, to Jan. 6, 1996. Some 284,000 government workers were furloughed and another 475,000 worked without pay, according to the Congressional Research Service. List of All Government Shutdowns and their Duration This list of government shutdowns in the past was drawn from Congressional Research Service reports: 2018-2019 (President Donald Trump): December 22, 2018 to January 25, 2019 - 34 days2018 (President Donald Trump): January 20 to January 23 - 3 days2018 (President Donald Trump): February 9 – 1 day.2013 (President Barack Obama): October 1 to  October. 17 - 16 days1995-1996 (President Bill Clinton): December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996, - 21 days1995 (President Bill Clinton): Nov. 14 to 19 - 5 days1990 (President George H.W. Bush): October 5 to 9 - 3 days1987 (President Ronald Reagan): December 18 to December 20 - 1 day1986 (President Ronald Reagan): October 16 to October 18 - 1 day1984 (President Ronald Reagan): October 3 to October 5 - 1 day1984 (President Ronald Reagan): September 30 to October 3 - 2 days1983 (President Ronald Reagan): November 10 to November 14 - 3 days1982 (President Ronald Reagan): December 17 to December 21 - 3 days1982 (President Ronald Reagan): September 30 to October 2 - 1 day1981 (President Ronald Reagan): November 20 to November 23 - 2 days1979 (P resident Jimmy Carter): September 30 to October 12 - 11 days 1978 (President Jimmy Carter): September 30 to October 18 18 days1977 (President Jimmy Carter): November 30 to December 9 - 8 days1977 (President Jimmy Carter): October 31 to November 9 - 8 days1977 (President Jimmy Carter): September 30 to October 13 - 12 days1976 (President Gerald Ford): September 30 to October 11 - 10 days Updated by Robert Longley

Dialogue Definition, Examples and Observations

Dialogue Definition, Examples and Observations (1) Dialogue is a verbal exchange between two or more people. (Compare with monologue.) Also spelled dialog. (2) Dialogue also refers to a  conversation reported in a drama or narrative. Adjective: dialogic. When quoting dialogue, put the words of each speaker inside quotation marks, and (as a general rule) indicate changes in speaker by starting a new paragraph. EtymologyFrom the Greek, conversation Examples and Observations Annina: Monsieur Rick, what kind of a man is Captain Renault?Rick: Oh, hes just like any other man, only more so.(Joy Page and Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca, 1942)How are you? I said.As you see, old Hernandez said, and he pushed his cap back on his forehead and smiled, alive.(Martha Gellhorn, The Third Winter, 1938) Eudora Welty on the Multiple Functions of Dialogue In its beginning, dialogues the easiest thing in the world to write when you have a good ear, which I think I have. But as it goes on, its the most difficult, because it has so many ways to function. Sometimes I needed a speech do three or four or five things at once- reveal what the character said but also what he thought he said, what he hid, what others were going to think he meant, and what they misunderstood, and so forth- all in his single speech. (Eudora Welty, interviewed by Linda Kuehl. The Paris Review, Fall 1972) Dialogue vs. Talk [T]he dialogue is selectivefinely polished, and arranged to convey the greatest possible amount of meaning with the least use of words. . . . [Dialogue] is not a phonographic reproduction of the way people actually talk. It’s the way they would talk if they had time to get down to it and refine what they wanted to say. (Robertson Davies, The Art of Fiction No. 107. The Paris Review, Spring 1989)Talk is repetitive, full of rambling, incomplete, or run-on sentences, and usually contains a lot of unnecessary words. Most answers contain echoes of the question. Our speech is full of such echoes. Dialogue, contrary to popular view, is not a recording of actual speech; it is a semblance of speech, an invented language of exchanges that build in tempo or content toward climaxes. Some people mistakenly believe that all a writer has to do is turn on a tape recorder to capture dialogue. What hed be capturing is the same boring speech patterns the poor court reporter has to record verbati m. Learning the new language of dialogue is as complex as learning any new language. (Sol Stein, Stein on Writing. St. Martins Griffin, 1995) Once captured, words have to be dealt with. You have to trim and straighten them to make them transliterate from the fuzziness of speech to the clarity of print. Speech and print are not the same, and a slavish presentation of recorded speech may not be as representative of a speaker as dialogue that has been trimmed and straightened. Please understand: you trim and straighten but you do not make it up. (John McPhee, Elicitation. The New Yorker, April 7, 2014) Harold Pinter on Writing Out Loud Mel Gussow: Do you read or talk your dialogue out loud when youre writing it? Harold Pinter: I never stop. If you were in my room, you would find me chattering away. . . . I always test it, yes, not necessarily at the very moment of writing but just a couple of minutes later. MG: And you laugh if its funny? HP: I laugh like hell.(Mel Gussows interview with playwright Harold Pinter, October 1989. Conversations With Pinter, by Mel Gussow. Nick Hern Books, 1994) Advice on Writing Dialogue There are a number of things that help when you sit down to write dialogue. First of all, sound your wordsread them out loud. . . . This is something you have to practice, doing it over and over and over. Then when youre out in the worldthat is, not at your deskand you hear people talking, youll find yourself editing their dialogue, playing with it, seeing in your minds eye what it would look like on the page. You listen to how people really talk, and then learn little by little to take someones five-minute speech and make it one sentence, without losing anything. (Anne Lamott, Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. Random House, 1994)[A]lways get to the dialogue as soon as possible. I always feel the thing to go for is speed. Nothing puts the reader off more than a big slab of prose at the start. (P.G. Wodehouse, Paris Review Interview, 1975)Just as in fiction, in nonfiction dialogue- voices talking out loud on the page- accomplishes several important dramatic effects: It reveals personality, provides tension, moves the story along from one point to another, and breaks the monotony of the narrators voice by interjecting other voices that speak in contrasting tones, using different vocabularies and cadences. Good dialogue lends texture to a story, the sense that it is not all one slick surface. This is especially important in a blatantly first-person narrative, since it offers the reader relief from a single, narrow viewpoint. The voices in dialogue can enhance or contradict the narrators voice and contribute irony, often through humor. (Philip Gerard, Creative Nonfiction: Researching and Crafting Stories of Real Life. Story Press, 1996) Pronunciation: DI-e-log Also Known As: dialogism, sermocinatio

Olympic Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Olympic Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example It offers new products and services on the customers using new techniques and communication media. Marketing business is big and always growing. The political policies that support businesses sponsor in Beijing Olympic games in china are supposed not interfere with the games. Politics, business are supposed to compliment each other but not to impede each other. However, the 2008 September Olympic Games is bound to elicit a lot of pressure and controversies on the political arena regarding the Chinese human rights records and political system. (Plummer, 2008) According to human rights watch, it has argued Olympic sponsors to tackle human rights abuses which are currently taking place in Beijing Games, through targeting what can be achieved. The steps that Human Rights are proposing are in deed in line with the sponsors 's support and also with the Olympic Charter as well as with corporate social responsibility of companies which to sponsor the Olympics. In addition to that, Microsoft and NBC companies which are also included in sponsoring the Olympic Games are also supposed to follow the policies of sponsoring the games which as it has been stated is to avoid political interference but campaigning for achievable human rights. Major global sporting events such as Olympic Games present companies with opportune moment for companies to exploit and market their products. And the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is not different. This Olympic Games has offered a number of companies' opportunities to market their products. Among these companies is the Levono Company which is a top hi-technology company in China. The company is involved in manufacturing different technological products and it has a sponsorship deal with the IOC to equip Olympic venues with its equipments. (Quelch, 2008) Getting a marketing deal or sponsorship at the Olympic Games is normally a dream come true for any marketer. However, given the extensive protest seen global against the Chinese government, companies are bound to be faced with different and new challenges brought about in Beijing, top on these challenges include: 1. Political demands put at the Chinese administration will create challenge for companies sponsoring the Olympic Games which do not wish to be linked with the political controversy. 2. Considering that Chinese market is the biggest globally, it becomes apparent that no company will probably boycott the games. 3. A number of companies will take a dual marketing method where they will invoke China specific marketing campaigns within the country and invoke less China specific message outside the country. 4. The usually high advertising boost associated with Olympics advertisements may be low as companies reduced their marketing in Olympic-associated brands. The IOC has continued to argue companies and other stakeholders that the Olympic Games and aspirations as well as attainments of all athletes should not involve politics. Though it seems that the Chinese administration intends to use the games to improve its political image, the IOC do not want a repeat of what happened in Moscow when a number of companies and athletes boycotting Olympics. (Quelch, 2008) More so, all companies which are involved in the Olympic Games

The Invention of Electricity Changed the Way People Live Their Lives Essay

The Invention of Electricity Changed the Way People Live Their Lives - Essay Example It was not until 1792 when a thunderstorm struck Benjamin Franklins home, and he decided to make an experiment by flying the kite through the thunderstorm with an attached iron key. The kite was struck by lightning, and electric current were sent down to Benjamin’s hand. He was  quite  lucky to survive, and he stated that electricity existed in the thunderstorm but the question was how to tap and utilise the electricity for the benefit of humanity. Before the invention of electricity, people had difficulties in performing the several task in life, there was too much utilization of man energy in different sectors. However, the invention of electricity changed the lives of human beings in thousand ways. It can be stated that electricity led to industrial revolution in which several products were being produced in large numbers. It led to a change in the entertainment sectors, food sector health sector and communication sector among others. It is imperative to note that the invention of electricity resulted in a significant improvements of how human beings live in the today’s world. Before the invention of electricity, the period was being described as the era of the dark ages because people relied only on sunlight to perform their daily activities and at night, they were unable to perform duties  because of the darkness. The invention of light electricity has led to the robust influence of how people carry out their lives in the current period. Thomas Edison who was an American inventor as well as a businessperson is thought to be the first person who invented light bulb that was using direct current electricity. The light bulb that was invented had a great influence on how people were carrying business all over the world. Moreover, it led to the inventions of other devices such as televisions and phonographs that were being used as the means of communication (Freeberg,

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Ethical Issues on Confidentiality: Research and Medical Procedures A guiding principle followed by most administrators and health care providers is the concept that ethical principles must match the values of the whole organization. This belief should serve as a continuous teaching to all staff so that the organization’s goals may be uniformly achieved. Healthcare administrators must be fully competent in adhering to the ethical principles of patient and employee confidentiality in order to promote trust, respect, and the protection of individual’s rights concerning health information. This is one of the main objectives of the Privacy Rule or HIPAA, and a breach to this rule is one of the most common ethical issues. When administrators demonstrate capable ethical decisions in guiding the flow of services in the organization, there may only be a few disorders that will be encountered in the operations as a result of ethical perplexities. In the article, Ethics of Stem Cell Research (Siegel, A., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring2013), the ethical dilemma of confidentiality in research pales in comparison to the dilemma posed in destroying human embryonic cells. A great dispute is presented on the use of human embryos and whether researchers are dealing with a human being or not. The question on the permissibility or the impermissibility to destroy human embryos is fully explored without the full ethical answer being presented. Confidentiality, research, and medical procedures all impart ethical dilemmas that complicate organizational activities. Problems of the Affected Population: Patients and Participants In the procurement of embryotic cells for example, research subjects are not considered the same way as patients and regarded differently in terms of confidentiality and privacy issues. According to the article, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research (2009), â€Å"Health research is not the focus of HIPAA.† and, â€Å"Because a great deal of health research in the United States is also subject to the Common Rule- the federal rule that governs most federally funded research conducted on human beings and aims to ensure  that the rights of human subjects are protected during the course of a research project, historically focusing on protection from physical and mental harm by stressing autonomy and consent.† (HIPAA and Research, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, 2009). Many research institutions are not considered covered entities and therefore the subjects are not covered by the Privacy law. Nevertheless, all subjects must submit personally identifiable health information and in the course of research or procedure, a subject may be harmed. This is an uneven application of confidentiality and the Privacy law that gives more benefit to a patient than a research subject. Medical research in particular has a participant and some experimental procedures are accomplished with the patient as the subject in the belief that the experiment could bring positive results to the patient specially, when there is no definite answer to a needed treatment. According to Fremgen B.F. (2009), ethical issues arise when there is harmful effect to the patient from experimental procedures. Lack of understanding and communication remains a big barrier to ethical issues. Somehow the creation of the Privacy Law did not consider the welfare of the research subject, yet they are likened to a patient who undergoes procedures, submits identifiable health information, and when procedures are not perfect, may also suffer harmful consequences. The other bothersome issue is when the bodily parts contributed by the participant are sold, reused or endorsed to other institutions for other purposes. Other issues pertain to the interest of the researcher placed above the interest of the patient (B.F.Fremgen2009). Informed and voluntary consent from participants are used as shield in order to further the research activities, but privacy and confidentiality are both compromised on research participants and must also be incorporated. Proposed Solutions In California, where the biggest budget for stem cell research is allocated, the California Institute of Regenerative medicine (CIRM) in their objectives has encouraged institutions and researchers on the development of best practices in hSC projects. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each research institution must be responsible for the proper review of projects involving human participants. The regulations of the CIRM implies that donor  consent must be understood fully by the participant, maintain a clear record of every embryo, strict accounting of donated cells, and must always be consistent with existing laws. In fairness to the donor, any medical complication must be treated fully, and the donor must not bear any cost for any treatment (G.P Lomax, Z. Hall, B. Lo, Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 2007) The foundation for all procurement of biological materials can be summed in informed consent. Authorizations and voluntary consent must be explicitly understood by the donor and must be presented with choices they can understand including the information regarding the destruction of the cells, commercial application and sharing (L. P Knowles, Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cells: Informed Consent and Conflict of Interest, n.d.) Information management system must be in place for protection of confidentiality. In most instances, the system must protect the anonymity of the donor to safeguard privacy. There will always be people who would donate biological materials for their own reasons beyond ones understanding. These individuals must be informed fully of the consequences and possible risks. In some places, inducement of monetary consideration is prohibited. However, there are instances when the donor sincerely commits to help in exchange for some requirements like burial assistance when deemed terminally ill. Ethical issues and personal choice of the donor must be taken into consideration at all times and the option to donate must be free from pressure. In some parts of the globe, there are ads roaming related to procurement of organs from individuals who are impoverished and destitute. The government and the public must be vigilant in exposing this black market trade of organ trafficking so as to safeguard the dignity, confidentiality, and humanity in general. The mainstream media must be cooperative in relaying to the public not only the positive implications of medical research but also the contrary, so that that knowledge and understanding of present scientific advancement and problems may be learned. The Administrator and Ethical Issues An administrator who is engaged in a healthcare institution where research activities are occurring commits to a heavier burden of maintaining the place for it to be free of ethical issues. Aside from the issue of  patient care, privacy, lack of resources, maintaining regulations, and promoting goodwill, the needed knowledge on the requirements or regulations on research must be understood. The administrator must be adept at ethical analysis and organizational policies. Many have not been through a lot of experience related to research institutions but according to Fremgen B. F. (2009), â€Å"Adherence to bioethical principles involves the entire healthcare team, not just the physicians† (pg. 251). The ethics of the institution must be in accord with the staff and conflicting values should not prevail. The administrator must know how to initiate educational sessions and communicate the ethical values even with the integration of research and experimental procedures. References Siegel, A. Ethics of Stem Cell Research, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rev. Jan 28,2013 Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stemcells/#EthDesHumEmbForRes Knowles, L.P. Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cell: Informed Consent and Conflicts of Interest, Retrieved::http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/uploads/File/whitepapers/Inf Consent-and-Conflicts-of-Interest.pdf Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule; Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/ Lomax GP, Hall ZW, Lo B (2007) Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicines Medical and Ethical Standards.Retrieved http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040114 B.F. Fremgen, Medical Law and Ethics (Third Ed. 2009)

The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is a mysterious man living in the West Egg district of Long Island. Gatsby is extremely wealthy and owns a mansion with a large swimming pool, a fancy car, and dozens of servants. Every Saturday night, he throws extravagant parties which many people, most of whom haven't even been invited, attend. No one really knows anything about Gatsby, except that he is rich and generous. However, many rumors are created about him. Some say that he was a German spy during the war and some say that he killed a man. As the summer progresses, Nick Carraway the narrator who is also Gatsby's neighbor, learns more about who Gatsby really is, or rather who he isn't and reasons why he lives his life as he does. Nick doesn't approve of Gatsby's lifestyle and the way he earns his money, but nevertheless he sees Gatsby as superior to those who surround him. Nick admires the romantic hope that motivates Gatsby to pursue his drea ms. Jay Gatsby's greatness is a result of his naive belief that he can make his dreams a reality. In the beginning of the novel, Nick sums up Gatsby's character and the reasons why he respects him. "...Gatsby who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him...This responsiveness had nothing to do with that flabby impressionability which is dignified under the name if the 'creative temperament'--it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which is not likely I shall ever find again."(6) Nick makes it very clear that he doesn't agree with the way Gatsby makes and uses his money. Although Nick comes from a very wealthy family himself, he was taught to work hard for his money. Nevertheless, he does find himself admiring Gatsby. He values Gatsby's hope, no matter how false it is, that one day he will have a life with the woman whom he loves. Wealthy people often use their money to get everything they have always wanted for themselves, but Gatsby uses his money to get everything that he thinks Daisy has always wanted in hopes of winning her back.

Factors of a reaction lab Essay

Hypothesis According to the collision theory, the rate of a reaction depends on the frequency of collisions between reacting particles. The more frequent the collisions, the faster the rate of the reaction. However, in order for the collisions to be effective, the particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy). Furthermore, the particles must collide with the proper orientation. The aim of this lab is to increase how often collisions occur. Theoretically, we should be able to achieve this by increasing the HCl concentration. However, we will instead decrease the HCl concentration just because it’s easier by diluting it with water. We thus predict that by decreasing the HCl concentration, it should take longer for the reaction to produce the predetermined amounts of hydrogen gas that we are observing. Variables Independent- the concentration of HCl Dependent- the rate of the reaction Controlled- Size of test tube Syringe type Timer Mass of Zn Volume of HCl Size of the stopper Controlling Variables size of test tube- we used the same test tube for most of the trials syringe type- we used the same syringe for all the trials timer- we used the same timer for all the trials mass of zn- we kept the mass of zn constant 1.00g size of the stopper- we used the same stopper Procedure 1. Grab a test tube rack, a test tube, a stopper that fits snuggly into the test tube and a syringe. 2. Place the test tube into the test tube rack and attach the syringe to the test tube. 3. Using an electric balance, obtain a sample of powdered Zn that weighs 1.00 g exactly. 4. Pour the 1.00g sample of powdered Zn into the test tube. 5. Grab two beakers. Fill one with HCl and the other with non-distilled water. BE SURE TO LABEL THE BEAKERS APPROPRIATELY! 6. Using a 10ml graduated cylinder and pipette, measure out 10 ml of HCl. 7. Pour the HCl into the test tube, quickly cork the test tube with the stopper, and pull slightly on the syringe’s end to make sure the hydrogen gas will flow through. 8. Record the how long it takes for the marker on the syringe to reach, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm3. 9. Repeat with HCl concentrations of 0.8 mol dm-3 and 06 mol dm-3. 10. Repeat steps 3-9 a second time in order to obtain a second trial. Data Collection and Processing Raw Data Table Hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm-3 Time taken for corresponding volume of hydrogen gas to be produced/s Volume of hydrogen gas produced/cm3 Observations – Zn clumps together at bottom of test tube – Bubbles are produced – No longer powder – Nothing happens for a while and then all of a sudden there’s like this outward burst of energy which results in small intervals btw the given volumes produced Data Processing Overview I will first determine the average time it took for the different HCl concentration to react and produce the given volumes of hydrogen gas. Next I will calculate the standard deviation for each set of trials to determine the accuracy of the average. Finally, I will graph the average times using a scatter. Sample Calculation Average of different trials for time taken for 1cm3 of hydrogen gas to be produced with 1.0 mol dm-3 of HCl: (118 + 123)/2 = 120.5s Hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm-3 Volume of hydrogen gas produced/cm3 Average time taken for corresponding volume of hydrogen gas to be produced/s 1 120.5 2 152.0 3 190.5 4 227.0 5 274.0 Hydrochloric acid, 0.8 mol dm-3 Volume of hydrogen gas produced/cm3 Average time taken for corresponding volume of hydrogen gas to be produced/s 1 137.0 2 226.0 3 330.0 4 439.5 5 552.5 Hydrochloric acid, 0.6 mol dm-3 Volume of hydrogen gas produced/cm3 Average time taken for corresponding volume of hydrogen gas to be produced/s 1 202.0 2 209.0 3 242.0 4 309.5 5 382.5 Standard deviations of the averages were determined by using the following formula in a Microsoft Excel program: Standard Deviation for different HCl acid concentrations HCl acid concentration/mol dm-3 Standard Deviation Average time vs. Volume of hydrogen gas produced Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion: – Hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm-3 concentration, the highest concentration used in this experiment produced the given volumes of hydrogen gas the fastest out of all three HCl concentrations. – Hydrochloric acid of 0.8 mol dm-3 concentration did produce 1 cm3 of hydrogen gas faster than hydrochloric acid of 0.6 mol dm-3 as predicted. – Hydrochloric acid of 0.6 mol dm-3 concentration produced hydrogen gas faster than hydrogen gas of 0.8 mol dm-3. – Limitations Suggestions for Improvement Some of the Zn powder got stuck to the side of the test tube as we poured it into the test tube. Maybe use a straw or something like that to make sure the Zn gets to the bottom of the test tube. And like blow into the straw (softly!) to ensure that none of the Zn gets stuck to the inside of the straw. We didn’t use the same syringe for all the trials because we were trying to get all the trials in on the same day. Use the same syringe for all trials. We didn’t get all the trials in on the same day. I think it took us three classes. As a result, each day we were working in different room temperatures. Organize ourselves better so that we get all the trials in on the same day. We couldn’t dry the test tube correctly. Each time we dried it there was still water at the bottom of the tube. Maybe like attach a paper towel to a stirrer and swap it around inside the test tube to dry it out. Zn is impure. As a result, the HCl acid could be reacting as well with whatever impurities present are thus slowing down the reaction, perhaps.

MGMT

â€Å"If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles,† this Is an old Chinese saying from Sun Tug who was a Military General from ancient China. Despite It was used for military tactic, the concept of this can also be used in modern society as it is perceived as a highly competitive community. Interpersonal perception refers to self-understanding physically, mentally and emotionally. Interpersonal perception in this essay related to how one conceive another by their attitudes, behaviors through both verbal and non-verbal ways.This essay examined how Intra- and Interpersonal perception contributes to individual success both at university and at work In the future. Firstly, understanding own strengths and weaknesses can improve academic performance by accurate self- assessment and self-monitoring. Secondly, better understanding of peers at university personal development due to the enhancement of relationship growth belief. Then, one c an take advantage of own talent at work once it is being discovered.Lastly, correct interpersonal perception may lead to a better coordination during work. Firstly, an accurate self-assessment ensures students to have a better tidying strategy and learning pattern. A research done by Debra reveals that student who can accurately self-monitor is able to distinguish between understood and less-understood materials. In the research, almost 90% of 314 respondents concluded that the Student Self-Assessment Sheet given by Debra did have impact on their exam preparation.One possible reason for the result is that they estimated what they have studied and what not before the exam. Therefore, learning strategy can be adjusted accordingly. For Instance, the time spent on understood materials can be reduce In order to prolong their study on those that are less-understood. As the result, study efficiency is enhanced and total time spent on study may be reduced. On the other hand, poor self-asses sment may result in over confidence and optimistic leading to poor study planning, and eventually to underperformed in the exam.From the evidence above, it is possible to conclude that self-understanding is critical In order to be success at university because It let oneself to notice his ability on the subject accurately and therefore shortcomings could be coped and academic result could be secured. More Importantly, one's distinctive spectacles could be covered, it could lead them to choose the right study field and the subject to be majored. In long term, accurate self-assessment may bring longstanding benefit.Secondly, an increase perceptions of mutual needs among university students enhance relationship growth belief. According to Deck, Chic and Hong, relationship growth belief refers to a belief which examining about the malleability and stability of personality, Intellectual ability and ethics (cited In Canaveral, Cocker, p. 370). Research done by Canaveral and Cocker beliefs that students' chronic compassionate goals, such as promoting mutually supportive relationships by eloping or supporting others, could help gain understanding between themselves.For example, one of the compassionate goals of the majority of students is helping freshmen to adapt new university environment by being a volunteer, through the difficulties and problems they experienced and the Increase In relationship growth degree of morality will be increased. These fundamental elements build up a strong leader figure at the university which increases competitiveness among peers. Thirdly, appropriate Job position can be choose through understanding of self- characteristics.A study from Institute of Management examined how personality lays the role for individual Job performance. For instance, a worker with a high conscientiousness provides an active problem solving attitude, a time-effective plan and keen on coping with work-related pressure. It is reflected as careful and responsible for the Job obligation. A worker who is high in extroversion is usually perceived as highly sociable, highly ambition and able to solve complex problems.A worker who has a high degree of agreeableness engages in social activities, mainly involve in interpersonal communication and resolve conflict between parties. Above extinctive personal characteristics categorize workers into various types of Job which it could make full use of their personalities. High conscientiousness worker could be allocated to be a manager; high extroversion worker could specialize in leadership skill; decent credibility colleague could involve in human relation department.Therefore, one's accurate self-perception provides an optimum Job position guide so that talent is not being wasted, and assist one's to become success in that particular field. Lastly, correct interpretation of colleague's personal characteristics could enhance working coordination and working efficiency. According to a research construct ed by Abele and Starters from Miami University, matching and mismatching could affect a decision. In a matching situation, individuals' preferences are similar, their common interest could lead to the same destination which the majority in the matching group would welcome.Since it is easier for individuals in the same group of behavior to communicate and coordinate, it enhances interpersonal liking. In addition, successful matching promotes a sense of belonging and a feeling of unity, these elements are essential for a high efficiency working environment as the capabilities of having misunderstanding and disagreement are diminished. An ordinary company is believed to have several types of workers, if one can have an accurate perception of others' characteristic, behaviors and favors.Appropriate way of handling matters could be used to cope with workers with various colleagues so that different interest could be met and better coordination could be assured. Interpersonal perception i n workplace is indispensable because task in corporation demands teamwork rather than individual contribution. Therefore, an accurate understanding of colleague could prevent unnecessary conflict and enhance working armory. To conclude, this essay examined how intra- and interpersonal perception contributes individual success both at university and later at work.First, accurate self-assessment guides to provide a better study planning thus lead to betterment of academic result. Second, understanding peer mutual needs may enhance relationship growth which rise competitiveness. Third, better Job selection with a clear understanding of personal characteristics and specialties. Last, correct interpretation of colleague's personality enhances working coordination as well as improves work efficiency and productivity.

Lil Hardin Armstrong, Early Jazz Instrumentalist

Lil Hardin Armstrong, Early Jazz Instrumentalist Lil Hardin Armstrong (February 3, 1898–August 27, 1971) was a jazz pianist, the first major female jazz instrumentalist, who played with the King Oliver Creole Jazz Band and Louis Armstrongs Hot Five and Hot Seven bands. She also wrote or co-wrote many jazz songs and fronted several of her own bands in the 1920s and 1930s. Fast Facts: Lil Hardin Armstrong Known For: First major woman jazz instrumentalist, pianist, and songwriter married to Louis ArmstrongBorn: February 3, 1898 in Memphis, TennesseeParents: Dempsey Martin Hardin and William HardinDied: August 27, 1971 in Chicago, IllinoisEducation: Fisk Preparatory School in Nashville (1917), Chicago College of Music (BA, 1928), New York School of Music (post-grad, 1930)Credited Songs: Im Gonna Gitcha, Hotter than That, Knee Drops  Spouse(s): Jimmy Johnson (m. 1920–1924), Louis Armstrong (m. 1924–1938)Children: None Early Life Lil Hardin Armstrong was born Lillian Beatrice Hardin, in Memphis, Tennessee, on February 3, 1898, to Dempsey Martin Hardin and William Hardin. Dempsey was one of 13 children of a woman born into slavery; but she only had two children, one who died at birth, and Lillian. Her parents separated when Hardin was quite young and she lived in a boarding house with her mother, who cooked for a white family. She studied piano and organ and played in church from a young age. Growing up, she lived near Beale Street and was early attracted to the blues, but her mother opposed such music. Her mother used her savings to send her daughter to Nashville to study at the preparatory school at  Fisk University for a year (1915–1916) for classical music training and a good environment. To keep her from the local music scene when she returned in 1917, her mother moved to Chicago and took Lil with her. Jazz and Jelly Roll In Chicago, Lil Hardin took a job on South State Street demonstrating music at Jones Music Store. There, she met and learned from Jelly Roll Morton, who played ragtime music on the piano. Hardin  began finding jobs playing with bands while continuing to work in the store, which afforded her the luxury of access to sheet music. She became known as Hot Miss Lil. Her mother decided to accept her new career, though she reportedly picked up her daughter promptly after performances to protect her from the evils of the music world. In 1918, she achieved some recognition as house pianist working with Lawrence Duhà © and  the New Orleans Creole Jazz Band, and in 1920, when King Oliver took it over and renamed it the King Oliver Creole Jazz Band, Lil Hardin stayed around as it gained popularity. Sometime between 1918 and 1920, she married singer Jimmy Johnson. Traveling with King Olivers band strained the marriage, and so she left the band to return to Chicago and the marriage. When the King Oliver Creole Jazz Band also returned to its Chicago base, Lil Hardin was invited to rejoin the band. Also invited to join the band, in 1922: a young cornet player named Louis Armstrong. Louis Armstrong Though Louis Armstrong and Lil Hardin became friends, she was still married to Jimmy Johnson. Hardin was unimpressed with Armstrong at first, but when she divorced Johnson, she helped Louis Armstrong divorce his first wife Daisy and they began dating. After two years, they married in 1924. She helped him learn to dress more appropriately for big-city audiences and convinced him to change his hairstyle into one that would be more attractive. Because King Oliver played lead cornet in the band, Louis Armstrong played second and so Lil Hardin Armstrong began to advocate for her new husband to move on. In 1924, she persuaded him to move to New York and join Fletcher Henderson. Lil Hardin Armstrong didnt find work herself in New York, and so she returned to Chicago, where she put together a band at the Dreamland to feature Louis playing. He also returned to Chicago. In 1925, Louis Armstrong recorded with the Hot Fives orchestra, followed by another the next year. Lil Hardin Armstrong played piano for all the Hot Fives and Hot Sevens recordings. The piano at that time in jazz was primarily a percussion instrument, establishing beat and playing chords so that other instruments could play more creatively; Lil Hardin Armstrong excelled at this style. Louis Armstrong was often unfaithful and Lil Hardin Armstrong was often jealous, but they continued to record together even as their marriage was strained and they often spent time apart. She served as his manager as he continued to become more famous. Lil Hardin Armstrong returned to her study of music, obtaining a teaching diploma from the Chicago College of Music in 1928, and she bought a large home in Chicago and a lakeside cottage retreat- perhaps meant to entice Louis to spend some time with her instead of his other women. Lil Hardin Armstrongs Bands Lil Hardin Armstrong formed several bands- some all-female, some all-male- in Chicago and in Buffalo, New York. She went back to school again and earned a post-graduate degree at the New York College of Music, and then returned once more to Chicago and tried her luck as a singer and songwriter. In 1938 she divorced Louis Armstrong, winning a financial settlement and keeping her properties, as well as gaining rights to the songs that they had co-composed. How much of the composition of those songs was actually Lil Armstrongs and how much Louis Armstrong contributed remains a matter of dispute. Legacy and Death Lil Hardin Armstrong turned away from music and began working as a clothing designer (Louis was a customer), a restaurant owner, and then music and French teacher. In the 1950s and 1960s, she occasionally performed and recorded. On July 6, 1971, Louis Armstrong died. Seven weeks later on August 27, Lil Hardin Armstrong was playing at a memorial concert for her ex-husband when she suffered a massive coronary and died. While Lil Hardin Armstrongs career was nowhere near as successful as her husbands, she was the first major woman jazz instrumentalist whose career had any significant duration. Sources Dickerson, James L. Just for a Thrill: Lil Hardin Armstrong, First Lady of Jazz. New York; Cooper Square Press, 2002.Louis Armstrongs 2d Wife, Lil Hardin, Dies at a Tribute. The New York Times, August 27, 1971.  Sohmer, Jack. Lil Armstrong. Harlem Renaissance: Lives from the African American National Biography. Eds. Gates Jr., Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2009. 15–17.

Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society Essay Example for Free (#2)

Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society Essay Contemporary society (12) , Cult (8) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints It can be argued that cults and sects are only fringe organisations that are inevitably short lived and of little influence in contemporary society, however some may have views to contrast this idea. A sect is an organization, which usually breaks off from an established religion, which finds itself in disagreement with beliefs and values of wider society and refuses to tolerate the beliefs of others. Although the desire to be a member is voluntary, as oppose to being born into, like religion, sects are rejected by society and claim strong obligation and commitment by its members. A sect is an extremely narrow-minded organisation, which is often led by a charismatic leader. Whereas, in contrast, a cult does not progress from a mainstream religion and does not reject or challenge societal norms. However, as tolerant of other beliefs as they are, they still attract a great deal of negative press, for example brainwashing. Members in a cult are usually more like customers than followers. An example of a cult is Heavens gate, which is a destructive doomsday cult, centered in California. There is a mass of supporting evidence that cults and sects are short lived and insignificant to wider society. Nevertheless, it must be maintained that the matter is complex as there are many sects and cults, which identify themselves differently. There is evidence to support this view of a short-lived nature of sects. This is due to many reasons. World rejecting sects, due to their nature and succeeding societal rejection and stigma of bad press, must be able to compromise with society and becoming a denomination and therefore cease to be a sect, if this is not done then the sect will die out. There is also an argument that sects cannot have a great deal of affect upon society over a long term period as they cannot survive past the charismatic leader’s lifetime and therefore sustain themselves over more than one generation. The American theologian Niebuhr theorises that another reason for transience of sects is that they rarely live past the 1st generation because the 2nd generation usually lacks the belief of the 1st. In this way, their membership dwindles as the 2nd generation chooses to leave the sect and hold other views in wider society. However Wilson disagrees with Neibuhrs view and says that he overates his case and chooses to not pay attention to groups who did preserve a ‘ distinct sectarian stance’. Similarly, evidence proves to discredit the belief that a sect fails to live on past their leader’s death. For example, The Mormons have continued for many generations and also the Amish- however this could be attributed to the protective ‘isolation-like’ in which they live. There is also a possibility that the Moonies surviving is due to the leader preparing for his son to take over his position as the charismatic leader after his death, however this is yet to be seen. Cults have seen a large incline in their number recently and because they are more accepting of wider society and despite receiving bad press, offer a practical solution to peoples’ issues and wishes, seem less likely to die out due to refusal and disapproval. They are also financially rather stable, the Church of Scientology for example has an estimated income of over  £200m per year. This is down to the consumer attitude of cults. There is also a mass of evidence for their importance in society in a sense that audience cults have a mass market of ‘self help therapy’ there are many books available for example, tarot reading, crystals and reflexology regularly appear on the best seller list and often more room is devoted to these books rather than Christianity books themselves. The view that cults are fringe movements is less supported than that for sects. Sects very infrequently continue on as sects but cults such as scientology are not only prosperous but also have a huge celebrity following trend; admired by the public for example Tom Cruise. There is also evidence that sects and cults can be of great influence to society – though it is debatable as to whether or not that is possible today in a society as apparently secular as ours. Weber suggests in his Theodicy of Disprivilege that because they offer a solution to problems: justification and explanation for life and its problems, to marginalised groups such as dropouts or ethnic minorities, world rejecting sects that offer status appeal to people. An example of this is Liberation Theology which was for the poorer people which had great influence upon the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America (though it has become more conservative, it continues to represent human rights and democracy). Bruce argues that it is not a religion and is instead a shallow, meaningless thing. Due to the elements of choice it offers, the choice about which bits to believe and whether to take its readings into account, it does not require commitment. This he argues prevents it having religious status. Post Modernists see it as being spiritual shopping: it is part of a consumerist culture. Despite not necessarily being a religion, there is lots of evidence to show that it has influenced society as a whole and, some sociologists would claim, aided secularisation. There is also evidence to show that it is unlikely to be particularly short lived as it fits in so well with our Capitalist, consumerist society and our individualistic values and is so profitable. Therefore, though there is strong evidence to show that sects and cults are ‘fringe organisations’, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that neither are short lived in themselves either through the Sectarian cycle or demand and supply (though sects tend to become denominations) and also to suggest that the influence of sects and cults on society is greater than expected; though the influence of sects and cults is exemplified by older examples and so one cannot be sure as to how successful they will be in today’s society, except in regards to specific sects and cults. In conclusion, the view that cults, sects are fringe organisations that are inevitably short-lived and of little influence in modern-day society, is on the whole not wholly correct but has some strength in that the permanency of all is arguable as is their status as fringe organisations. Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society. (2016, Mar 30). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Pullotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pullotion - Essay Example Here comes the main problem of this millennium: the insane destruction of the environment, as we think that we are in secure, which is far from the truth. A warm evening in a fun and friendly company once has completely changed my inner world. One day my friends and I after dinner in the restaurant decided to walk along the coast. We were laughing and having fun, and nothing seemed to be able to change that. But this time the coast wasnt pleasant. Everywhere were dead swollen fish, black sand and the stench in the air. The childhood memory has arisen, though it was more than 15 years ago. It was a bright sunny day. I was looking forward to go with my parents to our favorite place on the Persian Gulf. Finally, it was the long-awaited meeting with the sea. I run to the shore, but everything was not as usual. Ugly oil stains fettered once azure water. On the white sand blackened terrible spots, and around were lying suffocated fish and black bodies of birds. Seagulls with feathers stuck together could not take off. The place which once was beautiful now has resembled an apocalyptic picture. I picked up a dying bird, trying in any way to help her and could not hold back my tears. Mom said it was all because of war, but then I could not even understand the full horror of the word. War destroys our lives, suddenly breaking into a cozy and familiar world. Even if the military battles are not taking place around of you, the horrors of war will catch you up in a place which seems to be rather peaceful. Thus, the large oil reserves are not only the Gods blessing. It is these deposits of oil which became a stumbling block between Iraq and Kuwait. On August 2, 1990 the territory of Kuwait was invaded by numerous Iraqi soldiers and Iraq announced the annexation of Kuwait. Hundreds of thousands of people fled the country; thousands of the remaining were arrested or killed. Iraqis looted or burned almost all civilian objects and set fire to 700 oil wells. Almost a year after

Financial Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Financial Strategy - Essay Example â€Å"Value added† is only meaningful in the context of some kind of value that a firm's portfolio has that isn't immediately apparent from their stock prices or investment guide. The fact that a company is connected to a larger company, for example, would be relevant to investors. Managing cost centres is normally quantified on the balance sheet anyways, but even when it isn't, it is a tiny part of the value added picture. Lu, Tsai and Yen (2010) point out that intangible assets are immensely important to valuing firms. â€Å"In knowledge-based economy, the method for creating firm value transfers from traditional physical assets to intangible knowledge. As intangible assets value is an important part of firm value, valuation of intangible assets becomes a widespread topic of interest in the future of economy† (Lu et al, 2010). Lu, Tsai and Yen point to six particular value-added sources that their data-mining from Taiwanese firms found: â€Å"R&D intensity, family, p articipation in management, pyramids, profitability, and dividend† (Lu et al, 2010). Intangible assets are clearly vital to a company: Indeed, they are the company, the money being the way for those assets to be deployed. What makes a company like Microsoft grow ten-thousand fold is intangible elements like strategy, intuition, etc. The problem with these assets is manifold: 1. These assets are not easily fungible. Bill Gates would not have been worth very much before Microsoft's ascension. 2. These assets are not easily measurable. Creativity, political connections, inherited knowledge from family, secret recipes... until they have been tried and tested in the market, they have no quantifiable value. 3. They are context-specific. A piece of land is worth however much it is objectively. But Bill Gates and Paul Allen were a team. Split them apart and their separate value was probably far, far lower. Aside from the factors that Lu, Tsai and Yen (2010) identify, intangible assets of value include far more. Political connections are immensely valuable: If someone can exert political pressure to protect one from upcoming regulation or other important legislation, that can be worth millions to the shareholders. Families are value-added because they typically have a shared sense of camaraderie and loyalty with less need for monitoring and because they have special knowledge passed down a family line not accessible to those outside of it. Again, the problem is the signal-to-noise ratio: The vast majority of family knowledge is not applicable to business success, but sometimes an individual piece of information in the flotsam and jetsam, like a recipe, actually is. Innovation is particularly important, especially a culture of innovation. Companies like Google, 3M, Microsoft in their heydey and Mac now are known for being innovators, which is partially created by the people they hire but also heavily determined by the organizational practices they implement. Partn erships with other firms would be another value-added investors should be aware of. Strategic partnerships have a proven track record of raising company value. In small-to-medium sized software companies, Kennedy and Keeney's research found that â€Å"strategic partnerships were initiated to take advantage of firm synergy, reputation and credibility

Oppression in the Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oppression in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Much of the definition of oppression is attributed to its nineteenth-century roots. Particularly, the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill were pivotal in outlining the systematic nature of oppression, which has tremendous influence in its modern forms. On the one hand, the works and philosophies of Gandhi, de Beauvoir, Malcolm X, among others, have added dimensions to oppression, updating its conception to contemporary twentieth century. Imperialism and colonization dominated the discourse on oppression especially during the early part of the 20th century. From Africa, Asia to Latin America, there was a wave of liberation movements that demonstrated various experiences of oppression and the attempts to be free from it. One of these experiences is the emergence of conflicts such as World War II wherein colonies were expected to provide warm bodies to fight in the frontlines as well as supply the raw materials and augment the war chest of their masters. The wartime sacrifices underscore a form of oppression that has permeated since the previous century and has spilled over to the 20th. Then, individual experiences amidst the dawn of modernity and the increased contact of people from various part of the globe gave rise to the growth of nationalism. This aspect is highlighted in the case of Gandhi. He is one of the most vocal advocates of decolonization in Asia. Gandhi’s crusade for India’s independence fro m Britain was inspired by personal maltreatment as he was building his career in Africa as a lawyer. As a non-white person, he experienced being thrown out of first-class train car, barred from certain hotel rooms and beaten for no reason but his color. Gandhi’s philosophy behind the liberation movement he launched underscored a kind of oppression India experienced in its relationship with Britain.  

The Protection Of Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

The Protection Of Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay Oceans cover approximately 71 % of Earths surface and comprise the greatest preponderance of its hydrosphere. While all the seas of the world share certain obvious characteristics, many have unique attributes. For example, shipping lanes and straits are used more intensively than other parts of the ocean for navigation, making accidents and spills there more likely; some areas of the sea are more ecologically fragile than others; some seas such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic, are semi-closed, inhibiting the exchange of their waters with those of the rest of the ocean and thus slowing the process of self-purification; and some parts of the ocean are utilized more intensively by humans than others, resulting in more pollution, both chronic and accidental. The worlds oceans are under stress from over-fishing, climate change, invasive species and marine pollution. United Nations Environmental Programme Ocean Atlas define pollution sources that exist through the world as leading to a state of silent collapse. The stresses are particularly acute in coastal areas. In addition to ocean dumping and spills, intensive shore development funnels oil and toxic pollutants into coastal waters. Nutrient run off from farm and yard fertilizers cause algae blooms which threaten coral reefs and sea grass beds. In this project, the various aspects related to the protection of marine ecosystems have been analyzed in detail. Also, the particular problems of the conservation of marine ecosystemand marine biodiversity and the threats with which they are confronted have been examined. Finally, the international regime for the protection of marine ecosystem has been discussed in detail with special reference to UNCLOS. Also, the international regime for the protection of marine ecosystem components has been discussed in brief. WHAT IS MARINE ECOSYSTEM? The problems of addressing the conservation of marine ecosystems and the maintenance of biodiversity in the oceans are qualitatively different from those of terrestrial systems. Because mankind is a terrestrial creature, there is, perhaps, inevitably a terrestrial bias in understanding of species and of ecosystem as well as the means which have been developed for their protection. This bias is reflected in the Convention on Biological Diversity itself.Article 2 of the Convention defines biological diversity to include variability amongst living organisms from all sources includingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part, however it goes on to specify that this includes diversity within the species, between species and of ecosystems. Nowhere else in the Convention is specific reference made to the protection of marine biodiversity although Article 22(2) does specifically provide that contracting States shall implement the Convention with respect to the marine environment consistently with the rights and obligations of States under the law of the sea. In fact the whole approach of the Convention directed as it is to the biotechnology issues and, arguably a concept of national ownership of resources based on assumptions about endemic species bypasses some of the key issues of marine biodiversity conservation. Awareness of the importance of ecosystems or of ecosystem conservation and management is relatively new in international arena. Few international instruments rarely use this precise terminology. MARINE BIODIVERSITY: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT AND HOW IS IT THREATENED? The oceans cover 70% of the planet yet far less is known about the marine environment than the terrestrial; 80% of all the known species are terrestrial; only sixteen of the 6,691 species officially classified as endangered are marine and fourteen of these are mammals and turtles creatures which have some affinity with the terrestrial creatures. Because of the fluid nature of the marine environment scientists suggest that there has been less opportunity or need for speciation in marine organisms, as there has been in land organisms in which species and subspecies have developed as they have become separated from each other by physical forces. This does not mean however that, oceans are single amorphous system. Apart from the obvious variations in the oceans at different latitudes or depths, the existence of closed or semi-closed seas and of major currents, confluences and gyres in the open system means that there is a wide variety of different ecosystems in the marine environment. H owever, these bear little relation to the various legal jurisdictional zones established by customary international law and now to be found codified in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. As seen from the definition of biodiversity given in CBD, the common practice of terrestrial biologists of assessing biological diversity or richness in terms of number of species and subspecies in a particular ecosystem, especially number of those who are unique or endemic. However, as far as marine biodiversity is concerned speciation is low and endemism uncommon. In oceans there is far greater variety of organisms amongst the higher taxonomic orders than species or subspecies. In the last few years entirely new life-forms which thrive in the boiling waters around deep ocean thermal vents have been discovered which offer exciting opportunities for development of medical and industrial processes. Marine and coastal systems provide important food sources, and marine creatures offer a multitude of different substances which may be of significance to the medical and chemical industry. It is well established that oceans play a key role as sinks for greenhouse gases, but also, and perhaps more significantly, there is increasing evidence that marine biota play an important role in global chemical processes which may affect the climate change. Thorne Miller and Catena suggest that the concentration on genetic, species and ecological diversity reflected in the work of terrestrial biologists (and strongly represented in the 1992 Convention) overshadows what has been termed functional diversity which reflect biological complexity of an ecosystem. In their words: In the face of environmental change, the loss of genetic diversity weakens a populations ability to adapt; the loss of species diversity weakens a communitys ability to adapt; the loss of functional diversity weakens an ecosystems ability to adapt; and the loss of ecological diversity weakens the whole biospheres ability to adapt. The evidence suggest that marine ecosystems are rich in functional diversity, and that there are therefore dangers in transferring to the marine environment concerns about lower order diversity and about protection of rarity which have been developed in a terrestrial context. There are threats to the very maintenance of ecosystems. The most significant threats are posed by marine pollution from a variety of sources and activities, from over-exploitation or indiscriminate exploitation of marine species, as well as the destruction of the coastal habitats. A large proportion of sea creatures depend on the inshore or coastal areas for an important part of their breeding or life-cycles. The destruction or degradation of coastal habitats or the degradation of coastal water quality therefore has a major impact on a widespread of marine `life. This does suggest that protection of rare and endangered species and of key and representative ecosystems may also be appropriate to certain aspects of marine biodiversity conservation. These protected areas cannot in themselves provide protection from marine pollution. It must also be said that despite the fact that 1982 UNCLOS specifically recognizes that the problems of ocean space are closely inter-related and need to b e considered as a whole. Also, the maritime jurisdictional zones recognized by UNCLOS, inevitably make arbitrary decisions in ocean ecosystems, do not assist a holistic approach to management of these issues. The recognition by international environmental law of the importance of ecosystem management is relatively of recent origin. The earlier environmental treaties related simply to species protection. It is possible to group the general classes of relevant international obligations. Firstly, those that address specific threats to marine environment and therefore to marine ecosystem.Secondly, those obligations that address the conservation what might be called ecosystems components and finally those obligations that require conservation of marine ecosystems per se. Such a classification may serve to identify the strengths as well as defects and lacunae in the current legal regimes. CONSERVATION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS The recognition of importance of management of ecosystems, rather than simply those of their components which maybe of immediate significance to mankind, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Crucial steps in development were the 1972 Stockholm Declaration and the 1980 IUCN World Conservation Strategy which formed the basis of the 1982 UN General Assembly World Charter for Nature, and which popularized the concept of, as well as the term, life support systems and which stressed the interrelationship of these with other ecological processes and genetic diversity. INTERNATIONAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF SEA, 1982 (UNCLOS) In order to seek an answer to a wider question of whether there is a general obligation on all States to conserve marine ecosystem, it is necessary to look beyond the specific treaty obligations at customary international law. The starting point of this assessment is UNCLOS which came into force only in November, 1994 but which is widely recognized as reflective of customary law. Customary law recognizes the division of ocean into a series of juridical regimes which reflect criteria related to Coastal States sovereignty and resource exploitation rather than considerations of ecosystem integrity. The nature of the obligations which the customary international law, and now the 1982 UNCLOS, imposes on the States in relation to the marine environment does to a large extent depend upon the juridical nature of the particular waters under consideration, consequently these jurisdictional divisions can create a major obstacle to the rational management of ecosystems or species which cross or straddle more than one zone. Broadly, the oceans are divided into the following maritime zones: internal waters behind the coastal state baseline; a belt of territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles in breadth, a 24 nm contiguous zone with restricted enforcement jurisdiction, a 200 nm exclusive economic zone or fishing zone, and the high seas beyond these limits. Within each of these zones, the Convention envisages a different balance of rights and duties between the coastal states and other states. UNCLOS contains a number of provisions of general significance for the protection of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, it would probably be a mistake to think this was a conscious drafting objective per se. It is certainly possible to read into the provisions of Part XII of the Convention endorsement for a marine ecosystem approach to marine conservation, although these obligations are even less precise than those relating to pollution control. Article 192 of UNCLOS recognizes a general obligation to protect and preserve marine environment. In so far as this goes beyond simple protection, it can be interpreted as being an obligation to behave in a precautionary way. Article 194(5) specifically requires that measures taken in accordance with this Part shall include those necessary to protect and preserve rare and fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life. As this provision is located within general provisions of Part XII this requires all States to protect these special ecosystems and habitats form the effects of pollution originating from all sources in addition to other general conservation measures. Article 196 requires the States to take all measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution from the use of technologies under either their jurisdiction or control. This could be mean to read biotechnology or any other polluting technology. The rest of the paragraph requires the states to prevent, reduce and control the incidental or accidental introduction of species, alien or new, to a particular part of marine environment which may cause significant or harmful changes thereto. However, the definition of pollution adopted by UNCLOS does not make explicit reference to impacts on marine ecosystems. This defect has been remedied by in some regional conventions. In the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Part V) coastal States are obliged to ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the maintenance of living resources is not endangered by over-exploitation, taking into consideration the effects on species associated with or dependent upon harvested species with a view to maintaining or restoring populations of such associated or dependent species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened. Similar provisions apply to such species in high sea fisheries. But these provisions only aim to maintain the viability of such species, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[not] to protect their role within the food web or the functioning of the marine ecosystem as a whole. 1980 CANBERRA CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF ANTARTIC MARINE LIVING RESOURCES This is arguably the first convention to be centered on ecosystem approach to conservation and has been described as a model of ecological approach. Even the geographical scope of the treaty itself is unique, in that it is designed around the Antarctic ecosystem. Under Article 1, the Convention applies to the Antarctic marine resources of the area south of 60 degrees South latitude and to the Antarctic marine living resources of the area between that latitude and the Antarctic Convergence which form a part of Antarctic marine ecosystem. The Antarctic ecosystem is then defined by Article 1(3) as the complex of relationships fop Antarctic marine living resources with each other and with their physical environment. The sole objective of the Convention is declared to be the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources; conservation however is defined to include rational use. To achieve this end any harvesting or associated activities has to be conducted in accordan.ce with declared principles. These objectives, which clearly relate to the maintenance of the ecosystem rather than its exploitation, are implemented by the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) which coordinates research on Antarctic marine living resources and adopts appropriate conservation and management measures. A further formal step in the protection of Antarctic Ecosystem was taken with the conclusion of the 1991 Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection. 1985 ASEAN CONVENTION ON CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Another treaty of major potential significance but, unfortunately, still not in force after a decade is the 1985 ASEAN Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. This Convention reflects in its wording the concepts contained in the 1980 IUCN World Conservation Strategy, embracing a clear ecosystem approach to conservation. Kiss and Shelton describe this Treaty at the most comprehensive approach to viewing conservation problems that exist today. The Convention recognizes the interdependence of living resources, between them and other natural resources, within the ecosystems of which they are a part. It is divided into eight chapters. It is tempting to observe that the major treaties calling for marine ecosystem conservation considered thus far are either limited in geographical scope, or not yet in force, or both. GENERAL CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW There is a general obligation first promulgated by Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration and now to be found in Principle 2 of Rio Declaration to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or to areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. This obligation not to cause damage extends not simply to activities physically located within the State territory but also to activities within the State jurisdiction. Customary international law would impose responsibility on States under this principle for a range of activities which impact on marine ecosystems whether such activities take place within the areas of national jurisdiction or outside or straddling such areas.Activities which could be argued to cause damage to marine ecosystems and to fall foul of this principle would include marine pollution particularly that emanating from land based sources and activities; it could also be extended to fishing and related activities which impact upon rare and endangered marine species or their habitat. REGIMES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS Historically, the two main techniques which have been utilized by international conventions for the conservation of marine species are derived from those taken for terrestrial species, namely, the regulation or prohibition of the taking of designated species and the protection of habitat by designation of protection areas. PROTECTION OF SPECIES The protection of designated species has habitually been addressed by the imposition of restrictions and prohibitions on the harvesting, taking or killing of target species. The approach was taken by the 1946 Whaling Convention, by the various seal hunting regulatory agreements and by the 1973 Polar Bears Agreement. Such a strategy is still maintained as a part of approach adopted by more modern generic or regional protected species treaties such as the 1979 Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the regional treaties concluded under UNEP Regional Seas Programme. PROTECTED AREAS The second key technique, often used in combination with protection of species and in modern treaties increasingly merge with it, is the establishment of protected areas either to protect the habitats of specific species or as representative examples of ecosystems or habitats. These may be important isolated areas or take their place within a systematic network permitting for example transnational migration. In the terrestrial environment between 5-8% of the total world land mass now lies in protected areas. Despite the fact the sea covers more than two and a half times the land area, marine protected areas may cover an area less than half that of terrestrial protected areas. REGULATION OF TRADE IN WILD SPECIES One of the major threats to marine species such as sea turtles is the commercial trade in products such as turtle shell. Other well known threats to marine ecosystems are posed by over exploitation of shells and corals for the tourist souvenir trade and of reef fish for the aquarium trade. CITES provides the main regulation of such trade, although a number of treaties provide independent proscriptions or regulation of such trade. CONCLUSION It is paradoxical that although the particular problems of conservation of many marine creatures, particularly pelagic creatures, make them particularly suitable to regulation at an international level under a treaty on biological diversity, in fact the most important discussions concerning conservation of marine biological diversity are currently taking place in the context of other forums those relating to land based resources, straddling fish stocks or at a regional or sectoral level. The recognition by the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity of the issue of the conservation of biological diversity as a matter of common concern of humankind implies that all states have a legal interest in the issue as well as positive responsibility to safeguard it. However, this common concern still requires a more obvious focus than national actions or diverse regional or sectoral actions, for much of the attention has to be taken in international waters as well in coastal waters or in ways that will reflect natural ecosystem boundaries rather than national maritime jurisdictional boundaries. It can thus, be concluded that there is an existence of a substantial body of treaty law which seeks to address one or more aspects of marine ecosystem conservation. Although, a few treaties actually commit themselves to this, it is clear that a large number of treaty regimes are developing an ecosystem approach through their parties interpretation of their existing treaty obligations. UNCLOS can be seen as a most positive force in the crystallization of the general obligations of States to protect the marine environment. Nevertheless, important though the obligations of Part XII are in this respect, they too require further substantial elaboration and implementation. A protocol on the conservation of marine biodiversity in context of protection of marine ecosystems would be an obvious way of seeking to remedy the lacunae of existing regimes and refocusing attention on this crucial, but somewhat neglected, aspect of biodiversity debate.